Of cabbages and King Cobra: Populist politics and Zambia's 2006 election
Miles Larmer (m.larmer{at}shu.ac.uk) is Lecturer in Post-1945 Global History at Sheffield Hallam University in the UK.
Alastair Fraser (alastair.fraser{at}politics.ox.ac.uk) is a DPhil candidate in International Relations at the University of Oxford and a research affiliate of the University of Zambia.
Zambia's 2006 election was won by incumbent President Levy Mwanawasa and his Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD). However, it is argued here that the most important outcome of the campaign was the successful articulation of a new populist politics by Michael Sata's Patriotic Front (PF), which won a significant majority in urban areas. Sata's attacks on foreign investors (particularly from China) for their abuse of the workforce and their supposedly corrupt relationship with the MMD resonated with urban Zambians, already angered by the negative impact of economic liberalization. PF's campaign injected popular social demands into what had become a moribund political debate. The MMD government is now adopting PF policies in an attempt to restore its own urban support base. The article describes the campaign and its outcomes, contrasting the political discourse of the MMD and PF and analysing the differences in voting behaviour between rural and urban Zambians. It argues that recent relief of 92 percent of Zambia's international debt, along with the renewed profitability of the copper mining industry, have created conditions for the re-emergence of a nationalist-developmental political framework.
The authors are grateful for comments on earlier drafts from Benson Musuku, Christopher Bickerton and Nicholas Cheeseman.